RF Propagation Pathloss Model

RF Propagation Pathloss Model Introduction What is the need of RF Propagation Model? In wireless communication the transmitted signal propagates in space i.e the radio signal. Wireless communication system is the most widely used communication system now a days and communication took place in such system with the help of radiowave in space. Thus a detailed analysis and study of radiowave propagation is required and it is a very important aspect before we finally design and implement a wireless communication system. When we talk about the communication through a wired line medium such as RF Coaxial cable or twisted pair cable or optical fiber provides reliable communication with minimum pathloss as signal is well secured in it from the atmospheric distortions. Though the laying and maintaining of the wired medium takes time and is cost effective as well but it is reliable means of communication. on the other hand communication in such medium i.e. in wireless communication is quite unreliable and unsecured. In wireless communication a limited operating frequency bandwidth is available for communication as it has many other applications of radiowave propagation in space. Every communication system is designed with some specific objectives of providing continuous communication services to mobile subscribers that are present in the service area i.e. the area upto which the operator will provide communication services. But as we studied earlier a good quality service can only be obtained if loss of transmitted signal will be minimum and maximum signal will reach at receiver end. The design can be optimized only when the parameters under which a system has to operate are fully understood whether the frequency band allocated or the height of antenna, distance between transmitter and receiver, and the most important is the pathloss and an estimation of received signal level at the receiver end. If proper radio analysis is done than it will be of great use to design a network and implement it in hardware level with proper and desired results which are expected from a system. The most important design parameter in mobile communication system is to achieve the desired signal coverage as the basic purpose of operator is to serve the subscribers in a specified service area. Whenever a system is designed it is designed for some specific aims and that is to provide a better service to subscribers with in the range for which the services are introduced but if we directly implement the system without checking it whether the system is giving desired output or not and directly implement it than if it is not performing according to ones expectation the system will be wasted and soon our efforts so it is the most important factor to check and calculate the pathloss. Classification of RF Propagation Pathloss model Different models were developed which are empirical in nature that means they are developed based on the collection of data in specific areas. Data must be sufficient enough so as to study the losses that may happen in any specific area, so that on the basis of that data one can come to a conclusion as propagation models does not tell the exact pathloss that may happen but it will tell the most likely behavior of the link under some defined conditions. Mainly RF Propagation Models can be classified as below: Basically RF Propagation models can be classified into three main categories which can be classified as above defined. Empirical models Semi-deterministic models Deterministic models The Basic classification of RF Propagation Pathloss Models can be seen in the above figure 3.1. Three kinds of models Figure 3.1 Classification of RF Propagation Pathloss Model Empirical models : based on measurement data, simple (few parameters), use statistical properties, not very accurate. Semi-deterministic models : based on empirical models + deterministic aspects Deterministic models : site-specific, require enormous number of geometry information about the cite, very important computational effort, accurate. Every Model is defined for a different and a specific environment and for different cells. Cells in a mobile communication is nothing but a geographical area covered by a telephone transmitter. cells can also be divided into three main types and they are as follows: Macrocell Microcell Picocell Macrocell The area of largest coverage. Macrocells are used to described the widest range of cell sizes. Example : An Entire City. It covers the area upto 1-5 km long. Microcell The area of intermediate coverage. Mainly the range of microcell is less than two kilometers. It covers the area upto 100- 1 kilo meters. Pico cell A picocell is a small cellular base station which covers a small station such as in buildings, offices, shopping malls etc. It covers the area upto 500 meters. From the above figure we can understand the concept and coverage area covered by a macrocell, microcell and picocell. Representation of macrocell, microcell, picocell A table is shown where different cells and the area covered by those cells i.e Macrocell, Microcell, and picocell is shown in table 3.1.3. Table 3.1.3 Different cell sites and area they covered. Different RF Propagation Pathloss models are defined for different cells which can better perform on different cells and better results can be obtained. Now the cells and the models defined for it will be described. Okumura-Hata model It is the most popular model which is based on the empirical information obtained from measurements in japan.(okumura 1965). The okumura Hata predicts the Pathloss L between the transmitter and receiver taking into considering the frequency, the distance between transmitter and receiver, height of antenna, terrain type.this model fits best for urban and suburban areas. General formula The general formula for the path loss L according to the Okumura-Hata model is: L = a0 + a4 ·logf a2 ·loghb a ·hm + [a1 – a3 ·loghb] ·logd Lc, where a0, a1, a2, a3, and a4 are adjustable parameters Specific formulas The path loss L can be found by the standard path loss formulas for GSM-900, GSM-1800, and GSM-1900 according to the Okumara-Hata model. GSM–900 formula The path loss formula for GSM-900 is: L = 69.55 + 26.16 ·logf 13.82 ·loght a ·hm + [44.9 – 6.55 ·loght] ·logd Lc. GSM–1800/1900 formula The path loss formula for GSM-1800/1900 is: L = 46.3 + 33.9 ·logf 13.82 ·loght a ·hm + [44.9 – 6.55 ·loght] ·logd -Lc Where, L= Pathloss fc=frequency of transmission ht=antenna height ar=correction factor for effective mobile antenna height which depends on the size of the in area Lc=correction factor for different terrains. Correction factor for different clutter classes is determined according to okumura hata model and following is the table 3.1.4 which shows the clutter classes and correction factor for it. Table 3.1.4 Correction factor defined according to okumura Hata Model Cost 231 Hata Propagation Model A Model that is widely used for predicting pathloss in wireless system operating from 500 MHz to 2000 MHz is the cost 231 Hata Model. It contains correction factor for Urban, suburban and open rural environment. The general expression for calculating pathloss in the urban area as given by COST 231 Hata model is: Lpch(urban)db)=46.3 + 33.9logfc 13.82loght ar + (44.9-6.55loght)logr + Cm where, fc=frequency of transmission ht=antenna height ar=correction factor for effective mobile antenna height which depends on the size of the coverage area. Cm =3db for urban environments and 0db for suburban or open environment Walfisch-Ikegami model The Walfisch-Ikegami model is more recent than the Okumura-Hata model. It is based upon the deterministic models of Walfisch, Ikegami, and Bertoni. It works in 2 cases : LOS and NLOS LOS (Line of sight) LLOS [dB] = 42.6 + 26 log10 d[km] + 20 log10 f [MHz] NLOS (Non line of sight) LNLOS [dB] = LFS + Lrts (wr, f, ΔhMobile , ÃŽ ¦ ) + LMSD (ΔhBase, hBase, d, f, bS ) LFS = free space path loss = 32.4 + 20 log10 d[km] + 20 log10 f [MHz] Lrts= roof-to-street loss LMSD= multi-diffraction loss But it has some restrictions which are as follows: Frequency f between 800 MHz and 2000 Mhz TX height hBase between 4 and 50 m RX height hMobile between 1 and 3 m TX RX distance d between 0.02 and 5 km Longley – Rice Propagation Model The Longley Rice Propagation model also known as irregular terrain model. It basically calculates large scale median propagation loss relative to free space loss propagation loss over irregular terrain. It is mainly applicable for point to point wireless communication system. It operates in the frequency range from 40 MHz to 100 GHz. It is mainly used for frequency planning in television broadcasting. The modified model can also be used for radio wave propagation in urban areas for mobile communication. The Longley – Rice propagation models has two parts: model Area to area prediction model. Point to point prediction model. The area to area is used when path profile is not given but point ot point is used when detailed path profile is given. But, the main drawback of this model is that it doesnot consider the effect of multipath, foliage, buildings and other environment factors. Two Ray Point to Point Propagation model The point to point propagation model is a basic system design tool that is used to generate a signal coverage map, an interference area map, or a handoff occurrence map. In many mobile communication system the maximum distance between the cellsite and the mobile is at the most only a few tens of kilometers and surface is assumed flat. A simple two ray model can be used to predict pathloss and received signal strength. Lpch = 40 log r – 20 log ht – 20 log hr Thus it implies that the propagation pathloss in a mobile communication Lpch increases by 40dB for every increase in distance by 10 times. If the cellsite antenna height is doubled, there will be reduction in pathloss by 6dB. The two ray model is found to be reasonably accurate for predicting the large scale received signal strength over distances of several kilometers for mobile radio communication system that use tall cellsite towers and los microcell application in urban area.

Sociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups

In this essay three perspectives will be assessed. How society operates in the view of these perspectives. Also, scrutinizing theories on the subject ‘crime and deviance' aiming to outline how each perspective grasps the matter. Before one can observe society, one needs to take into account the ways in which it can be viewed. Perspectives that focus on social systems, are known as macro perspectives. Alternatively, the micro perspective, focuses on social action of the individual. (Taylor et al, 1995). One of The first major perspectives examining society is Functionalism. Functionalism begins with the observation that behavior in society is structured†. Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980, p. 14). They argue that Functional prerequisites such as hospitals, schools and families among many more, bind society together. In a functionalist society these integrate with one another to form a value consensus. Furthermore, it is essential they interrelate at a basic level for society to survive. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Therefore, society is maintained by the value consensus and its cohesion of working parts.Mile Druthers founder of functionalism, observed societies values and norms portraying them as social order. Laws establish with the value consensus. He developed his argument by saying crime is an inevitable and normal way of social life. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). He added to this he states that social change begins with some sort of deviance, just enough deviance benefits society and keeps it healthy; it reinforces right and wrong in societies collective conscience. However too much on the other hand would cause a state enormousness described as anomie.For example, Morton (1968, cited in Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980) states since members of society are placed differently, such as social class, simultaneously having different collective enticements, too much imbalance; not enough prosperity and not enough opportunities, would cause an anomic state. As a consequence leading to a break down of societies values and norms. Rioting in such a case would be anomic state or the uprising of a government. Functionalism has declined as modern theories better explain society. Functional macro sociological analysis disregards small areas of society.Also, damaging criticisms arose with the ideas of human beings as products of the social system. (Taylor et al, 1995). Another macro perspective on society is Marxism. Named after Karl Marx a German sociologist. E described a theory of observing society that offered a radical alternative to functionalism and the nature of social stratification. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Marx examined how society works and explained how history has unfolded paying close attention to capitalism. Marx was troubled with the effects of capitalism and was very concerned to get rid of it. Trainer, 2010). Marx suggested that society is in conflict. He observed western society was split in two. He argued that the r uling class, who had the means of production, the bourgeoisie; exploited the subject class, the proletariat. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Furthermore, â€Å"Marx said history is basically about the struggle between classes for dominance† (Trainer, 2010, p. 1). The ruling class ideology in Mar's argument, only benefited the bourgeoisie; the distortion of reality, falsifying society binding members together with a false consciousness.Thus, helping to maintain the superstructure in the aid of the ruling class. When observing Mar's theory behind crime and deviance, one understands no value consensus express laws comparable to functionalism. Mar's argues that laws are passed by state government, reflecting the interests of ruling class ideology, rather an authoritarian consensus. As follows a false commitment is shared by society as a whole considering laws only benefit the ruling minority. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). A classic case study portraying this argument is Stuart Ha ll's ‘policing the crisis'.Hall raises the argument of ‘mugging; a new term from America that was used by the media to label an attempted robbery, murder scene in 1972 In Britain. He argued the term is now affixed to any type of crime particularly applied at black youth. From that point onwards it becomes symptomatic Of a ‘moral panic'. (Hall et al, 1978). Furthermore, Halls statistics show the term ‘mugging' appearing 60 times in newspapers the following year. (Hall et al, 1978) It can be said that the media's moral panics, run by the ideology of the ruling class, camouflaged the economic crisis that emerged during the sass's.Subsequently, the moral panics allowed the state to enforce policing methods legitimizing random stops targeting black youths. Thus, more control over the subject class. Social action theories offer a drastic alternative view on society to the above. Interpretative perspective emphasis is on individuals action, rather than the determini stic approach structured by social systems, social action focuses on small scale interaction. (Taylor et alarm 1995). The focus is on individual actions that are constructed by society through meaning and interpretations.For instance a newly wed husband and wife will understand the role a whole lot better by understanding the meaning of the term. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980) For Max Weber, founder of social action theory believed these meanings were attached to a social actions carried out by an individual. He expanded on his theory by stating self concepts are a result of interpretations there described them as. Individuals are more likely to carry out a behavior after being perceived in a particular way. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980).Furthermore, Interactions defines the construction of meaning through analysis. It can be said that language, gestures and appearance will govern the interpretation of the context the actions uphold. It can be said that individuals depends on symboli c symbols to define and understand meanings in society through relating, interpreting and making sense. (Taylor et al, 1995). Howard Becker, applied labeling theory in his attempt to define crime and evince to social action. His argument consisted of deviant behavior, only existing when perceived and defined as such.JP until it has been labeled by a member of society there was no deviance. The deviant is one to whom the label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. † Becker (1 963, cited in Harmless and Holbrook, 1980, p. 346). Becker develops his argument stressing the importance of the public identification of a deviant. As stated above, self concepts can change individuals to the label applied, in this case, accepting the deviant label may in urn, cause the individual to commit more deviance. However Becker states this theory may not be inevitable. Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). A criticism with interactions approach is the labeling term for deviance is too deterministic. Having been founded primarily on ideas based on free will through social individual action; the person labeled with the term deviant, will be expected to commit further deviant activities. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). However, Becker does reject this barrage of criticisms and goes on to defend his theory by saying labeling theory has been misunderstood and unfairly criticized. Harmless and Holbrook, 1980).Throughout the three perspectives it can be said that there are differences describing theories of crime and deviance. For instance, The Marxist view is directed through the course of history at the ruling class ideology. The manufacturing of crimes sees the subject class targeted and deemed deviant. In recent years Neo Marxist theories have developed a better understanding. The Hegemonic society as original Marxist views first stated have changed and a middle class has now emerged. It appears that although functionalism argues that crime i s inevitable by all, it takes the same route of determinism hat Marxism does.Social systems directing the course of society. Many have debated the nature of free will and these structural perspectives will suffer heavy criticisms. Adding to this, disregarding qualitative research missing out small subject areas of society will as a result, only provide a narrow based analysis. Social action theory however, grasps the idea Of crime and deviance better than the latter two. When specifically discussing crime and deviance, qualitative research better explains individuals actions rather than attaching to a system.

Discuss what Lady Macbeth’s persuasive language in 1.7 reveals to the audience about her character Essay

Discuss what Lady Macbeth’s persuasive language in 1.7 reveals to the audience about her character & relationship with her husband In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, he portrays Lady Macbeth as a strong female character whom is equal to Macbeth and sometimes even stronger than Macbeth which was unusual for the time as at the time, men were considered to be above women as they believed in the divine order of the universe which stated that men came before woman and that women should only be there to serve men and obey their husband and their father and not question their husband’s decision. In Scene 1.7, Shakespeare uses Lady Macbeth’s language and sexual parts to persuade her husband into killing Duncan so that she can become Queen. She even goes as far as question Macbeth’s manhood. One of the quotes which supports my point is ,†We fail? But screw your courage to the sticking-place, and we’ll not fail.† which Lady Macbeth said to Macbeth after he questioned him and not obeying him. She used a rhetorical question which is seen in the above quote to scould him as would a child which is going against all of the things that a wife should be at that time and she is talking to him like a child when she tells him to get his courage up and reassures him that they will not fail which is all influenced by the rhetorical question. She also questions his manhood in the quote,†When durst do it, then you were a man,† by scolding him and saying that he is not a man now as he didn’t dare to do it and this has made him more feminine which is a great insult to give someone in Shakespearean times, which proves my point that Lady Macbeth does not want to give up and she f ft ff people into doing whatever she wants him to do. I believe that this quote is one of the strongest quotes which proves my opening point. Another quote which I believe proves my opening point is,†What beast was’t then, that made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do i t, then you were a man.† This states that Lady Macbeth is hurt as Macbeth broke a promise to her. She uses repetition in the quote and she repeats the word ‘you’ which you could infer as making an accusation against Macbeth or you could infer that she is honestly hurt by Macbeth as she expresses hurt by her use of language in this quote. In this quote she also uses a rhetorical question which you could infer that she is so hurt and angry, she does not want him to answer the question and she ends with a very strong insult which a â€Å"loving† wife would never make to her husband, especially in the Shakespearean times. She further evaluates the importance of a promise to her in the quote, â€Å"know how tender tis’ to love the babe that milks me. I would, while it was smiling at my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I sworn as you have done this.† This quote proves that Lady Macbeth would do anything if it would uphold her promise even if it would mean killing her own child to uphold a promise. This quote also shows how truly hurt Lady Macbeth is and how angry and how fearful she is and her dertermination to get what she wants. This is quite masculine of her but I will cover more on that after this. A quote which shows how devious and courageous Lady Macbeth is, â€Å"Who dares receive it other , as we shall make our griefs and clamour roar upon his death?† This quote proves that Lady Macbeth is doing whatever she can to get what she wants. She uses persuasive language such as ‘dares’ which is a very strong word as it involves taking a risk and a risk which could ultimately stab you in the back. This quote also shows Lady Macbeth putting on a false face and pretending to grief and mourn for the King’s loss however in actual fact, it was her which set up the King to be killed. This shows that Lady Macbeth will be decisive and manipulate whoever she wants to get what she desires. A quote which I have mentioned before but I want to go more into detail is, â€Å"know how tender tis’ to love the babe that milks me. I would, while it was smiling at my face, have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out, had I sworn as you ha ve done this.† I strongly believe that this is the quote which really well establishes Lady Macbeth is a brutal and a character which will do anything to get what she most desires and not to care about anything or anyone else, just to get on top. This quote portrays Lady Macbeth as a mother which is a role which you need to care only about the baby and nurture the baby and bring it up as your own. This quote mentions that Lady Macbeth knows what it is like to breastfeed a baby but the play has not mentioned anything about Lady Macbeth and a baby, but I will get to that in further detail in my conclusion. This quote also mentions her killing the baby in the most brutal way: when it is it’s most vulnerable. During a breastfeeding. This shows that Lady Macbeth will do anything to keep a promise and you could infer that because of her incredibly detailed description, that she has done this before. One more quote which I believe solidifies my first point is, â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem, letting â€Å"I dare not† wait upon â€Å"I would† like the poor cat i’th’ adage? † This quote shows that Lady Macbeth is angry and full of adrenaline which really provokes her use of language in this quote by calling her husband a coward for backing out of his commitment and letting him live in the shame of not doing his deed which also interrupts the divine order and being a good wife in the Shakespearean times. She defies all this when she does not listen to her husband and takes on the role of the husband in the relationship in this quote and in this whole scene. In conclusion, I believe that Lady Macbeth is full of anger, grief and betrayal as she confronts Macbeth in this scene by saying that he is not a man and by calling him a coward and informing or reminding him of what she would do if she promised him. She would even go as far as killing her own child if that is what she has promised which means that she has built up a lot of trust in this relationship and she does not want to lose it now. By saying she knows how it feels to love a baby who she has breastfeed could imply that she and Macbeth had a baby and it died or it got murdered. If it got murdered or it got killed because of a promise she made, which she has proven is the most important thing to her, probably fuels her anger and hurt in this scene which makes this scene make so much sense that it is my final implied conclusion. The reason that I have inferred is that Lady Macbeth is so passionate and angry in this scene is because she had a baby and it died because of a promise she made which is why she made such an important and a significant reference to this is because this happened to her and she does not want it to happen again.

Personal development skills - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2817 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Public Relations Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Assignment front sheet In this assessment you will have opportunities to provide evidence against the following criteria. a Indicate the page numbers where the evidence can be found. Criteria reference To achieve the criteria the evidence must show that the student is able to: Task no. Evidence 1.1 Evaluate approaches to self-managed learning 1.2 Propose ways in which lifelong learning in personal and professional contexts could be encouraged 1.3 Evaluate the benefits of self-managed learning to the individual and organization 2.1 Evaluate own current skills and competencies against professional standards and organizational objectives 2.2 Identify own development needs and the activities required to meet them 2.3 Identify development opportunities to meet current and future defined needs 2.4 Devise a personal and professional development plan based on identified needs 3.1 Discuss the processes and activities required to implement the development plan 3.2 Undertake and document development activities as planned 3.3 Reflect critically on own learning against original aims and objectives set in the development plan 3.4 Update the development plan based on feedback and evaluation 4.1 Select solutions to work based problems 4.2 Communicate in a variety of styles and appropriate manner at various levels 4.3 Evaluate and use effective time management strategies Learner declaration I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own and research sources are fully acknowledged. Learner signature: Date: 29.01.2014 Personal Mission: to be a successful business woman Objectives: To get MBA from Myanmar Imperial College with distinctions in 2017 3.1Personal SWOT Analysis . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personal development skills" essay for you Create order Strength Weakness Lazy to do assignment, but when I do these I do the best. I can do power point presentation well. Weak in English writing speaking skills. Lazy to do Assignments. I have no time management to do assignments I do the assignments when I want to do. Opportunities Threats I have a chance to choose the college which is the best for me to get the MBA. My family supports my education to get the MBA. Our college has the teachers who are professional in their respective subjects. Difficult assignments 3.2 Professional SWOT Analysis Strength Weakness -Good communication skill -Negotiation skill -I can influence on other people. -No time management -Leadership -Self-confidence Opportunities Threats -When I get MBA, I can get the job. -If I get the degrees of economy, the companies will call to work. Skill Audit Mission: to attend MBA at Myanmar Imperial College Personal objectives: to get MBA with distinctions in 2017 Professional objectives: to become successful business woman and to become Managing director of Construction Co.Ltd. Required Skills Required skills to achieve Personal Objectives Required skills to achieve Professional Objectives English language skill Presentation skill Self-management skill IT skill Team working skill Decision-making skill Leadership skill Problem solving skill Negotiating skill Existing Skills ( from personal SWOT analysis) Existing skills to achieve Personal Objectives Existing skills to achieve Professional Objectives Presentation skill IT skill Team working skill Problem solving skill Negotiating skill Skills needed to be developed Skills needed to be developed for Personal Objectives Skills needed to be developed for Professional Objectives English language skill Self-management skill Decision making skill Leadership skill Task 2 Personal and Professional Development Plan Mission- to attend MBA at Myanmar Imperial College and Personal Objectives Professional objectives Skills need to be fulfilled for personal requirement English language skill Self-management skill Decision making skill and Leadership skill Strategies Teach with English native speaker and attend IELTS to improve my English language skill. And then read some English books.(e.g. Readers Digest) Practice concentrating on my work doing one thing at the time, start each day happily to develop my self-management skill. Read the books which are concern with decision making to improve my decision making skill. Read the books which are concern with leadership skill to develop my leadership skill. Resources and Output For English language skill- learn at 9 miles, Teacher Kevin for SAT, at Edulink Australia for 4 skills and IELTS. For Management and leadership skill- borrow management and leadership skill books at American Centre. For decision making skill- learn help at my daddys company ( Khit Thit Chan Thar Co.Ltd). And borrow decision making books from American Centre and British Council. Deadline I will develop my English language skill within 1 year. I will improve my Self-management skill within 3 weeks. I will improve my decision making skill leadership skill within 1 month. Action plan For English language skill- watches the movies twice a week which will have to improve my English Language skill and read the Readers Digest once a day. For decision making skill-read the books which are concerns with decision making skill within a week. For Management and leadership skill- read the Mullin and other management and leadership books in my holidays. Outcome I will answer the English IELTS exam at online and at my teachers exam. I will talk with native speaker to check my English language skill. I will take part in my fathers job to check my levels of decision making, Management and Leadership skills. Review Control I will make to improve my presentation skill to make presentations in class. I will take part in games with my friends at school fun time to improve my team work skill. Task 3 Definition of Self-management learning Self-management learning (SML) involves individuals managing their own learning. This includes people taking responsibilities for decisions about: what they learn, when they learn, where they learn, how they learn and most basically why they learn. The approaches of Self-management learning There have nine approaches of Self-management learning. These are Facilitating learning Learning through research Learning from others Secondments Interviews Seminors and conferences Internet, intranets and extranets Newsgroups Bulletin boards Among nine approaches, I will explain about three approaches. Facilitating learning Facilitating learning is a process of helping people to research, learn and change is done with the help of facilitators. To accomplish that, we start by taking into account the different personality type and learning styles in the room as well as ensuring we embed an experiential learning component into every workshop. Additionally, each session we lead small group activities, work time and some whole group time. Advantages of facilitating learning The learner is actively included in learning time. Learners can work in an environment which is similar to the real world. Learning methods are available many. There is no need for large amount of learning materials. Disadvantages of facilitating learning The teacher part is not clearly defined. Cannot appropriate in some cultural contexts. Facilitating learning is can be seen to be more expensive. Need for extra facilities to allow for team work. Internet, Intranets and Extranets Internet The internet is the world-wide network of computers accessed with the assistance of modem. It involves e-mail, news group, Facebook, Web Sites and other forums. That is a public web, although many of the computers or laptops connected to it are one of the parts of intranets. It uses the Internet Protocol (IP) as a communication standard. Advantages of internet Can connect with people easily. Can find the information what u want to know. Internet is the best and the cheapest way to advertise your product or business. Can send emails, photos and videos easily to other friends and family. Can know news about education, gossip, entertainment and foods easily. Can make credit card online and can order the things what you want from online shopping. And you dont need to go yourself because there has door to door service on online. Disadvantages of internet Now, Facebook is the most popular social network in people. So people can lose their golden time by using Facebook and other social networks. People who use the internet, your personal information such as name, age, and address can be accessed by other people. And if you use your credit card to online shopping, the information about your credit card can be stolen. The biggest disadvantage of internet is perhaps the pornography and age-impropriate content. It can lack of control to reach children (under 18). Intranets Intranet is the one of the computer network which maintained privately that only by authorized persons can access. Many organizations and corporations communicate with their employees or members use the intranet. So intranet is often used in companies or corporations. Intranet users are people who are inside the company. Advantages of Intranets It has the ability to across the company internationally. It is useful for sharing information across the organization and can keep it privately. Disadvantages of Intranets Sometimes passwords from intranet can hack from the owners. This is because the passwords they tend to choose are easy to guess (for example, name, date of birth, address and phone number, etc.) Some organizations are not appropriate with this method of information sharing and this technology can bring addition costs. Definition of Extranet Extranet is the one of the private network which is similar to the intranet that uses the public telecommunication and the internet technology system to steadily share portion of the economies data or operations with providers, customers, followers, or other economies. An extranet can be observed as part of the businesss intranet which stretched to customers outside the business. Most of the extranet users are people who are outside the company. Advantages of Extranet It can share protected data with business special customers, clients and business partners. The content in extranet is always up to date. It can available 24 hours every day. Disadvantages of Extranet It involves the expenses associated with software, hardware and other technical support need for the process. It can decrease personal face to face contact with clients and other business partners. It can be expensive to maintain and implement. Bulletin boards Bulletin board is the one of the Computer Science System that enables to share and send messages, files and data allowed any users to leave message that can be read by any other users. The first Bulletin Board System (BBS), called the Computerized Bulletin Board System (CBBS), was invented in 1978 by Randy Svess and Ward Christensen. The Bulletin Board System (BBS) was the primary kind of online communication network since the 1980s and early 1990s, before the World Wide Web started popular. Advantages of Bulletin Boards The Bulletin Board Systems are so public. Because they can give their users to the opportunity to get information from the large number of news sources. Every business can set up their own Bulletin Boards System to help operations run a little more quickly. Disadvantages of Bulletin Boards Sometimes, they cant keep archive of each posts and threats. Definition of Lifelong learning Lifelong learning can be broadly involving an individuals education that is diverse, flexible and available at different places and times whole the life. The rule of social change and nowadays economic, the fast transition to a knowledge-based society, and demographic pressures resulting from an ageing population in Europe are all challenges which demand a new approach to training and education , within the framework of the lifelong learning.(BPP Learning Media 2010 ­, pg.29) Lifelong learning Self-directed learning Continuing professional development Linking higher education with industry Further education Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) Apprenticeships Credit accumulation and Transfer Scheme (CATS) Among these, I will explain Self-directed learning. Self-directed learning Self-directed learning is not a new concept. It is based on the opinion that people learn and recollect more if they find things out for themselves. Harrison (1992) emphasizes the need to make a climate of awareness about the opportunities for development and learning and to create training events to improve skills and styles. (BPP Learning Media 2010, pg.29) Advantages of self-directed learning Can challenge to perform at best. Can seek assistance and offer assistance to others Can make joyfully celebrate by self. Can control by self and can maintain good habits. Can have own schedule time Disadvantages of Self-directed learning The idea that got by self is not good as well. Because this idea can must be obtained without the idea and opinion of the others rather than doing by self. Benefits of Self-management learning Individual Organization Can have own schedule time. Can make joyfully celebrate by self. Can control by self and can maintain good habits by self. The idea that got from group discussion is the best. Can share ideas and news from each other. Can work and learn with time management. Honey and Mumfords learning styles Peter Honey and Alan Mumford (1992) said that people vary not just in their learning skills but also in their learning styles. Peter Honey and Alan Mumford formulated a popular classification of learning styles in terms of the attitudes and behavior which determine an individuals preferred way of learning. (BBP Learning Media 2010, pg.17) The learning styles are Activist Reflector Theorist Pragmatist Activist- People who like to earn by doing. They have an open-minded approach to learning and involve themselves fully and without bias in new experiences. They prefer the challenges of new experiences and involve with others. Like anything new, small group discussion and problem solving. Reflector- People who learn from observing and thinking about what happened. They view new experiences from collecting data and taking the time to work towards an appropriate conclusion. Theorist-People who like to understand theories behind the actions. They prefer to synthesis and analyze drawing new information into a logical theory and systematic. They need concepts, models and facts in order to engage in the learning process. Pragmatist- People who prefer to apply new learning to actual practice to see if they work. Experimenters are trying out new technology, techniques and ideas to see if they work. In these learning styles, I am activist type because I like small group discussi on and problem solving. Also prefers the challenge of new experiences. Task 4 Im working as the General Manager of Construction Co.Ltd. So I am always facing with work problems. Some of the problems which I face are follows. Work based problems Time management Communication Employees do not listen General Managers order Solutions to solve work based problems Time management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" use the effective time management Draw the time-management strategies for employees Communication- talks and negotiates with other partners at work time and read the communication books and also orders to read the employees. Employees do not listen General Managers order-set the disciplines for employess Definition of Communication Communication in business can be defined as the transmission of information to the others. It is also the way of sending information with various methods. There has three types of communication. These are Written communication Verbal communication Non-verbal communication Written communication Written communication is by means of the way of written signs. A variety of written communication broadcasting is used in business contexts, for one-to-group and one-to-one communication. For examples, reports, letters, notice boards, email, the minutes of meeting and so on. Verbal communication Verbal communication is the main way of communicating face-to face. Now face-to-face broadcasting and Oral are now wide spread in organizations, in systems such as discussions, meetings, brainstorming sessions, and the others. Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication is the process of communication through receiving and sending wordless cues between people. It is also called body language and involves of posture, facial expression and gestures. Definition of Time management Time management is the set of principles, practices, skills, tools and systems working together to help you get more value out of your time with the aim of improving th e quality of your life. Time, like any other resource, needs to be managed, it is to be used efficiently (without waste) and effectively (productively). (BPP Learning Media 2010, pg.109) Benefits of effectiveness time-management ABCD time management grid High urgent, high important High urgent, low important Low urgent, high important Low urgent, low important The Must, Ought and Prefer principle This principle involves listing all the tasks, duties, and activities that need to be finish within a given day then accessing the approximate time each is likely to take and allocating one of the MOP categories to each task. (BPP Learning Media 2010, pg.116) M is a must task is one which has to be completed part of the day or in whole day (and probably by a particular time, too). These jobs are best tackled first in any given day, when you have sufficient discretion over your time. When you are under time constraints imposed by others, M jobs should be done at the earliest opportunity. O or ought, tasks, which you decide are highly desirable to be completed during the day, but as the last resort could be delayed. These need to be attempted after the M tasks are under way. P, or preferred, tasks are those jobs you like doing because you find them pleasurable and satisfying. Additionally, such jobs will normally contribute to the good to the organization-provided you do not spend too much time on them. However, by the way nature of P t tasks, the tendency is to spend time on them to the detriment of Ms and Os, unless you have carried out the approximate time assessment mentioned above (an M task!), and kept to it.